來自山谷的歌聲
接近死亡的狀態
文／周玉卿
佛教用語漢英對照錄
Buddhist Terminology
編者：陳守強
佛教：Buddhism; Yana is in the meaning of any conveyance; There are two divisions
小乘：Hina-yana, the small vehicle (聲聞緣覺乘，破除輪迴中之煩惱無明,以阿羅漢果、寂滅為目標)
大乘：Maha-yana, the great vehicle (菩薩乘)
(1)修多羅乘：Sutra yana, The great vehicle(波羅蜜多乘)
(2)坦特羅乘：Tantra yana, Vajra yana(金剛乘)，從果位的觀點來看,修行者應視一切聲音為真言,一切相為本尊身,一切念為智慧。
From the view of fruition, the practitioner should recognize all sound as mantra, all appearance as the deity's presence, and all thoughts as wisdom.
三寶：Triratna, Three Jewels, Three treasuries, The Three Precious Ones.
They are the Buddha（佛）, the Dharma（法）and the Sangha（僧）.
This term is also referred to the three images in a temple; Sakyamuni Buddha （釋迦摩尼佛）in the center, Bhaisajya Buddha （藥師佛）on his left and Amitabha Buddha （阿彌陀佛）on his right.
三皈(歸)：Trisarana, Triratan, The three refuges (or surrenders) to the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha; Take refuge with/surrender to (皈依)
三界：Three Realms (Tribhumi)
欲界：The realm of sensuous desire, where there is sensuality for sex and greediness for material.
色界：The realm of form, where there is no difference of sex and no desire for material.
無色界：The formless realm, where there is no sensuality, no form of male or female and no form of material.
三門(三業)：Trividha-dvara (three gates; three kinds of karma inflicted by body (身deed), mouth (口speech or words) and mind (意thought)
三毒：Three poisons; Greediness(貪), anger(瞋) and stupidity(癡) are the three source of all passions and delusions.
三學：Three studies or vehicles of learning (discipline, meditation, wisdom)
戒：Learning by the commandments or prohibitions, so as to guard against the evil consequences of error by body, mouth or mind.
定：A cultivator learns by dhyana or quietist meditation
慧：By philosophy; a cultivator study of principles and solving of doubts
三藏：Tripataka, The Buddhist Canon
經：Sutras
八大人覺經(The Sutra of Eightfold Enlightenment)大般若經(The Maha-prajna-paramita Sutra)大悲經(The Sutra of Great Mercy)大寶積經(The Sutra of Ratnakuta)中阿含(The Medium or Metaphysical Works of Hinayana Sutra)心經(The Heart Sutra)本生經(Jataka Sutra, Birth Tales Sutra)地藏菩薩本願經(The Sutra of Ti-tsang Bodhisattva's Vows)佛說阿彌陀經(The Amita Sutra, The Sutra of the Infinite)妙法蓮華經(The Lotus or dharma flower Sutra)法句經(Dhamrmapada Sutra)法寶壇經(The Sutra Spoken by the Sixth Patriarch)金剛般若波羅蜜經(The Prajna paramita Sutra)長阿含(The Long or Cosmological Works of Hinayana Sutra)梵網經(The Brahmajala Sutra, The Sutra of Indra's Net)華嚴經(The Hua-yen Sutra)圓覺經(The Sutra of Complete (or Perfect) Enlightenment)楞伽經(The Lankavatara Sutra)楞嚴經(The Shurangama Sutra)解深密經(The Sandhi-nirmocana Sutra, The Sutra to Explaining the Profound)增一阿含(The Arranged Works of Hinayana Sutra)遺教經(The Sutra of Buddha's Bequeathed Teaching)雜阿含(The General Works of Hinayana Sutra)藥師經(The Sutra of the Master of Healing)譬喻經(Apadana Sutra)
律：Disciplines
別解脫(Pratimoksa, Individual liberation discipline)梵網經菩薩戒(The Bodhisattva Precept Section Indra's Net Sutra)瑜珈戒(Yogic discipline)
論：Treatises
十二門論(The Sastra of the Twelve Doors)大乘起信論(The Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana)中論(The Madhyamika Sastra, The Sastra of the Middle School)菩提道次第略論(A Summary of the Stages of Enlightenment)
四聖諦(道)：The Four-dogmas, Catvari-arya-satyani in sanskrit term, or four noble truths, they are as following.
苦"Suffering" or misery is an unavoidable attribute of sentient existence.
集The "accumulation" of misery that is caused by passions.
滅The "extinction" of desire or passion and its consequences is possible.
道The mutual application of the "path(corrects paths and subsidiary paths)" that leads to the extinction of passion.
六度：Six-paramitas (The six things that ferry one beyond the sea of mortality to Nirvana. They are as the followings. (1)佈施 Dana, charity, generosity or giving, including the bestowing of the truth on others (2)持戒 Sila, keeping the commandments or discipline (3)忍辱 Ksanti, patience under insult (4)精進 Virya, zeal and progress (5)禪定 Dhyana, meditation or contemplation (6)智慧 Prajna, wisdom, the power to discern reality or truth.
Heart Sutra
般若波羅蜜多心經
Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra
Sanskrit & Chinese Translator: Master Hsuan-chuang
When Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva was practicing the profound Prajna Paramita, he illuminated the five skandhas and saw that they were all empty in their own-being and he crossed over all sentient being in suffering and difficulty. Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness. Emptiness does not differ from form. Form itself is emptiness. Emptiness itself is form. The same is true of sensation, thought, volition and consciousness. Shariputra, all dharmas are empty of their characteristics. They are not produced, not destroyed, not defiled and not pure. They are neither increased nor decreased.
Therefore, in emptiness there is no form, sensation, thought, volition and consciousness; no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind; no sight, sound, smell, taste, object of touch and dharma; no field of the eyes up to and including no field of mind consciousness; and no ignorance and ending of ignorance, up to and including no old age and death and ending of old age and death. There is no suffering, no accumulating, no extinction and no path. There is no wisdom and no attaining. Because nothing is attained, the Bodhisattva through reliance on Prajna Paramita is unimpeded in his mind. Because there is no impediment, there is no fear. He leaves distorted dream-thinking far behind. Reach ultimately Nirvana!
All those who appear as Buddhas in the three periods of time fully awake to Annutara-samyak-sambodhi through reliance on Prajna Paramita. Therefore, one should know that Prajna Paramita is a great spiritual mantra, a great luminous mantra, a supreme mantra, an unequalled mantra. It can remove all suffering. It is genuine and not false. That is why the mantra of Prajna Paramita was spoken. Recite it like this: Gate- gate Paragate Parasmagate Bodhi Svaha!
Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva
觀自在菩薩
iAvalokitesvara Bodhisattva, Regarder of the world's sounds, a bodhisattva who perceives the sounds of the world, has an alias, Contemplator of Liberation. He gains the second name because that he observes all iidharmas and contemplates the truth to cut off the delusion of vision and thought. He knows that the real state of things is empty of its characteristics. He always has a mind of egolessness under all external aspects and conditions. For a practitioner, contemplation of liberation is an inner realization state of the journey to enlightenment.
Just as if a cloud floats leisurely and freely in the blue sky, there is no impediment in his mind and he can do this and that as it would determine at this moment. Since he recognizes both his body and the surroundings are originated by cooperating causes and conditions, they are continually changing and never can come to an end. He has an attitude to let everything happens freely and exactly as its ego desires. What a wonderful life condition this is!
On the other hand, human beings who live in an evil world, "iiiFive Kinds of Turbidity" was produced to surround us. They are the turbidity of kalpa, turbidity of view, turbidity of afflictions, turbidity of living beings, and turbidity of lifespan. Should not we envy this liberal status that frees from memories, fears, or laments? Do not just envy! All sentient beings have Buddha-nature! We should make efforts to learn and practice Buddha's teaching. Continuously follow the bodhisattva's noble path. Benefit for oneself and for others. Carry oneself and others across the ocean of ivsamsara to enlightenment. One day, we will be the same as Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. The mind that is not disturbed by things as they occur. The mind remains pure and tranquil under all circumstances. The mind should be the master!
i Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, 觀自在菩薩(The Goddess of Mercy. Originally represent as a male. The images are now generally those of a female figure.)
ii Dharmas, 法(Activities of mind. All things or anything that is small or great, visible or invisible, real or unreal, affairs, truth, principle, method, concrete things, abstract ideals etc. Dharma is described as that which has entity and bears its own attributes.)
iii Five Kinds of Turbidity, 五濁
(1) Turbidity of kalpa (the other four kinds of turbidities arise at this time.)
(2) Turbidity of view (five wrong views arise which are wrong view regarding self and others, wrong view regarding extreme practice, wrong understanding that is not in line of dharma, clinging to wrong view, and clinging to rites and rules.)
(3) Turbidity of afflictions (the greediness, anger, stupidity, arrogance and suspicion will gradually prevail.)
(4) Turbidity of living beings (human's miseries increase and happiness decrease.)
(5) Turbidity of lifespan (human's lifespan will gradually diminish to ten years.)
iv Samsara, 輪迴(transmigration from birth through death to rebirth, the round of existence)
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